Replicating Europe’s Normative Power: Challenges and Pathways for South Asia's Regional Integration
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37540/njips.v8i1.182Keywords:
Normative Power Europe (NPE), South Asian Cooperation, Geopolitical Challenges, Digital Revolution, Regional IntegrationAbstract
European nations attained stability and integration by overcoming a turbulent history marked by deeply entrenched conflicts and the profound devastation of two world wars. Europe has evolved into a ‘normative power’ and the European Union into a ‘community of practice’ by overcoming statism and establishing responsive institutions and systems of accountability. Europe’s transformation reflects the practical application of normative principles. In contrast, South Asia grapples with political instability and geo-strategic challenges that impede regional integration. This paper identifies the key obstacles to political connectivity and adopting normative practices in South Asia. It further explores potential pathways, enabling the region to draw lessons from Europe’s experience and develop into a community of practice and a normative power.
References
Adler, E. (2009). Europe as a civilizational community of practice. In Civilizations in World Politics (pp. 67-90). Routledge.
Adler, E., & Barnett, M. (1998). Security communities in theoretical perspective. In E. Adler & M. Barnett (Eds.), Security communities (pp. 3-28). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511598663 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511598661.001
Autin, A. (2024, November 26). EU should reaffirm support for ICC arrests: Use existing policies to ensure effective strategies for executing arrests. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/11/26/eu-should-reaffirm-support-icc-arrests
Bellamy, A. J. (2004). Introduction: Security communities and international relations. In Security communities and their neighbours (pp. 1-13). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230005600_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230005600_1
Benoît, C., & Hay, C. (2022). The antinomies of sovereigntism, statism and liberalism in European democratic responses to the COVID-19 crisis: A comparison of Britain and France. Comparative European Politics, 20(3), 390–410. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-022-00274-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-022-00274-9
Bicchi, F. (2022). Communities of practice and what they can do for International Relations. Review of International Studies, 48(1), 24-43. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210521000528 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210521000528
Butler, I. (2007). General Assembly resolutions from 1945-2005. In Unravelling sovereignty: Human rights actors and the structure of international law (Chap. 3). Routledge.
Cameron, F. (2004). Widening and deepening. In F. Cameron (Ed.), The future of Europe: Integration and enlargement (pp. 1-17). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203357996
Cameron, F. (2010). The European Union as a model for regional integration. Council on Foreign Relations.
https://cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2010/09/IIGG_Eurozone_WorkingPaper_Cameron.pdf
Cameron, F. (Ed.). (2004). The Future of Europe: Integration and Enlargement (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203357996 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203357996
Chakma, B. (2018). SAARC and region-building: Is South Asia a region? Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, 14(2), 189-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/19480881.2018.1478272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19480881.2018.1478272
Chaturvedi, P., Hussain, Z., & Nag, B. (2015). SAARC Geopolitics and Trade: Missing Intra-regional Connectivity a Hindrance to Further Economic Integration. South Asian Survey, 22(1), 78-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971523117708963 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0971523117708963
Colombo, A. (2023). The rise of the Global South: New consensus wanted, p. 9-11. Italian Institute for International Political Studies, Observer Research Foundation, & Policy Center for the New South. https://www.policycenter.ma/sites/default/files/2023-12/Annual%20Trends%20Report%202023-ISPI-ORF-PCNS_final.pdf
Das, A. (2016). India’s neighbourhood policy: Challenges and prospects. Jindal Journal of International Affairs, 4(1), 18-37. https://doi.org/10.54945/jjia.v4i1.49 DOI: https://doi.org/10.54945/jjia.v4i1.49
Dash, K.C. (2008). Regionalism in South Asia: Negotiating Cooperation, Institutional Structures (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203930366 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203930366
India revokes occupied Kashmir’s special autonomy through rushed presidential decree. (2019, August 5). Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/1498227
Dent, C. M. (2016). East Asian Regionalism. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315717258
Dhital, A. (2021). Regional development of human rights in South Asia. Kathmandu School of Law Review, 9 & 10(1), 53-64. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/kslr10&div=8&id=&page=
Diez, T., & Pace, M. (2011). Normative Power Europe and Conflict Transformation. In: Whitman, R.G. (eds) Normative Power Europe. Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230305601_11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230305601_11
EEAS. (2022). United States: Statement by the spokesperson on the abolition of the death penalty in Colorado. European External Action Service. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/united-states-statement-spokesperson-abolition-death-penalty-colorado_en.
Envall, H. D. P., & Hall, I. (2016). Asian strategic partnerships: New practices and regional security governance. Asian Politics & Policy, 8(1), 87-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/aspp.12241 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/aspp.12241
Fazal-ur-Rahman. (2012). Promoting People-to-People Contacts. Policy Perspectives, 9(1), 111-118. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42922690
Garcia-Herrero, A. (2012). Emerging and growth-leading economies. BBlAResearch. https://www.bbvaresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/mult/120215_BBVAEAGLES_Annual_Report_tcm348-288784.pdf
Gul, A., & Ahmad, R. (2020). Critical analysis of the US mediating role in India-Pakistan conflict. Margalla Papers, 23(2), 119-126.
Gul, N. (2004). Post-9/11 Pakistan-India Relations. Pakistan Horizon, 57(3), 67-77. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41394058
Hilali, A. Z. (2001). India's strategic thinking and its national security policy. Asian Survey, 41(5), 737-764. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2001.41.5.737 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2001.41.5.737
Hussain, I. (2011). Prospects, challenges and risks for increasing India-Pakistan trade. Atlantic Council.
https://ishrathusain.iba.edu.pk/speeches/New/Atlantic_Council_Issue_brief_IndiaPakistanTrade.pdf
James, C. (2016). The European Union Development Policies Are Based on European
Values, Democracy, Respect for the Rule of Law and Human Rights. Democracy and Rule of Law in the European Union: Essays in Honour of Jaap W. de Zwaan, 109-126. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-066-4_9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-066-4_9
Janusch, H. (2016). Normative power and the logic of arguing: Rationalization of weakness or relinquishment of strength? Cooperation and Conflict, 51(4), 504-521. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836716640836 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836716640836
Jones, R., & Ferdoush, M. A. (2018). Borders and mobility in South Asia and beyond (p. 272). Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789462984547 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv513ckq
Kathuria, S. (2018). A glass half full: The promise of regional trade in South Asia. South Asia Development Forum. World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/30246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1294-1
Kochenov, D. (2013). The Citizenship Paradigm. Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies, 15, 197-225. https://10.5235/152888713809813648 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5235/152888713809813648
Kokudo, N., & Sugiyama, H. (2020). Call for international cooperation and collaboration to effectively tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Global Health & Medicine, 2(2), 60-62. https://doi.org/10.35772/ghm.2020.01019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35772/ghm.2020.01019
Malhotra, J. (2021, September 28). SAARC is well and truly dead. Let's acknowledge that, conduct its funeral rites and move on. ThePrint. https://theprint.in/opinion/global-print/saarc-is-well-and-truly-dead-lets-acknowledge-that-conduct-its-funeral-rites-and-move-on/741493/
Malik, M. B. (2018). Architecture of cyberspace as an evolving security paradigm in South Asia: Pakistan-India cyber security strategy. Institute of Regional Studies, Islamabad, 36(2), 3-35. https://irs.org.pk/journal/23RSSpring18.pdf#page=5
Manners, I. (2002). Normative power Europe: a contradiction in terms? JCMS: Journal of common market studies, 40(2), 235-258. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00353
Manners, I. (2009). The Concept of Normative Power in World Politics. Danish Institute for International Studies. https://pure.diis.dk/ws/files/68745/B09_maj_Concept_Normative_Power_World_Politics.pdf.
Manners, I. (2013). Assessing the decennial, reassessing the global: Understanding European Union normative power in global politics. Cooperation and Conflict, 48(2), 304-329. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836713485389 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836713485389
Mehta, P. B. (2009). Still Under Nehru’s Shadow? The Absence of Foreign Policy Frameworks in India. India Review, 8(3), 209–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/14736480903116750 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14736480903116750
Mirza, M. N., & Babar, S. I. (2020). The Indian hybrid warfare strategy: Implications for Pakistan. Progressive Research Journal of Arts and Humanities (PRJAH), 2(1), 39-52. https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03013546/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.51872/prjah.vol2.Iss1.22
Mukherjee, A., & Satija, D. (2020). Regional cooperation in Industrial Revolution 4.0 and South Asia: Opportunities, challenges and way forward. South Asia Economic Journal, 21(1), 76-98. https://doi.org/10.1177/1391561420908078. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1391561420908078
Neuman, M., Stanković, S. (2019). Introduction: EU Democracy Promotion in Its Near (and Further) Abroad Through the Prism of Normative Power Europe. In: Neuman, M. (eds) Democracy Promotion and the Normative Power Europe Framework. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92690-2_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92690-2_1
Pant, H. & Shah, K., (2019). South Asia’s Changing Geopolitical Landscape, FPRI: Foreign Policy Research Institute. United States of America. COI: 20.500.12592/q5p1db.
Paul, A. (2020). Regional cooperation in South Asia: Exploring the three pillars of regionalism and their relevance. The Journal of Indian and Asian Studies, 1(02). https://doi.org/10.1142/s2717541320500084 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S2717541320500084
Quad Summit 2021: Why is China rattled? (2021, March 14). The Financial Express. https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/quad-summit-2021-why-is-china-rattled/2212544/
Raihan, S. (2012). SAFTA and the South Asian countries: Quantitative assessments of potential implications. MPRA Paper. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/37884/
Roos, C., & Westerveen, L. (2020). The conditionality of EU freedom of movement: Normative change in the discourse of EU institutions. Journal of European Social Policy, 30(1), 63-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928719855299 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928719855299
Sarotte, M. (2015). 1989: The Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400852307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400852307
Segers, M. (2023). The Origins of European Integration: The Pre-History of Today's European Union, 1937–1951. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009379380
Sehgal, S., Saini, S., & Pandey, P. (2020). South Asian integration: An overview. Economic and Financial Integration in South Asia, 6-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003097563-2
Sirinavasan, K. (2011, April). The Euro Crisis: Implications for India. Geopolitics. https://www.scribd.com/document/406295322/Geopolitics-dic-2011-pdf
Skordas, A. (2018). The European Union as post-national realist power. In Research Handbook on the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (pp. 394-444). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785364082.00029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785364082.00029
Suneja, K. (2019). Pakistan’s most-favoured nation status scrapped. The Economic Times.
van den Berg, S., & Al-Mughrabi, N. (2024, November 22). ICC issues arrest warrants for Israel's Netanyahu, Gallant and Hamas leader. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/icc-issues-arrest-warrants-israels-netanyahu-gallant-hamas-leader-2024-11-21/
Whitman, R. (Ed.). (2011). Normative power Europe: Empirical and theoretical perspectives. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230305601
World Bank. (2023, January 19). Striving for clean air in South Asia: Effective regional responses. One South Asia Conversations. https://www.worldbank.org/en/events/2023/01/12/striving-for-clean-air-in-south-asia-effective-regional-responses
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2025 NUST Journal of International Peace & Stability

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.