The Great Game of Space: Space Political Adventurism and Battle for Superpower Status Beyond the Horizons

Authors

  • Asma Rashid Lecturer at the Department of Politics and International Relations, Faculty of Social Sciences (Female), Department International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
  • Nigham Fatima an MS Scholar at Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37540/njips.v7i2.171

Keywords:

Political Adventurism, Weaponization, Satellites, Arms Race, Surveillance, National security

Abstract

Wars will not be fought on the grounds in the future, but explosions will occur beyond horizons. This research paper has extensively inscribed the subject of advanced strategies of the Great Powers, space militarization, and political adventurism of China, the USA, and Russia. The paper presents the political stratagem and space arms race of Russia, China, and the USA, which are combating each other for power status in orbits of space. As China and Russia challenge USA dominance in space, the USA seeks to weaponize space to maintain its supremacy and counter its rivals. The evolving international structure and world order are steering warfare into new dimensions, with space militarization posing nontraditional security threats. Despite international legal efforts and multilateral cooperation, major powers continue to expand their space arsenals, creating national security concerns. The study argues that international institutions have failed to curb the space arms race due to their ineffectiveness. Thus, there is a need for a shift in focus to find common ground and resolve this space security conflict. The paper provides a theoretical overview of the role of international institutions and state behavior in the international system. Using qualitative research techniques, the study conducts in-depth exploration through secondary data gathered from various articles, journals, reports, and other related sources. Descriptive and explanatory research approaches are employed to achieve the research objectives.

References

Abdoullaev, A. (2014, May 5). Sustainable Nations Global Initiative. [PowerPoint slides]. Slide Share. https://www.slideshare.net/ashabook/sustainable-nations-global-initiative

Andrew, N. (2021). Realities of Evolving Competition between America and China. The Bridge. https://thestrategybridge.org/bridge/2021/04/06/a-game-of-great-powers-realities-of-evolving-competition-between-america-and-china

Atal, S. (2005). The New Great Game. The National Interest, 81, 101-105. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42897579

Banerjeee, A. (2022). Taming the New Fields of Space War. TribuneIndia. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/taming-the-new-fields-of--space-war-403213 .

Choo, J. (2021). The United States and China: Competition for superiority in space to protect resources and weapon systems. Open Asia. https://www.openasia.asia/the-united-states-and-china-competition-for-superiority-in-space-to-protect-resources-and-weapon-systems/

Connor, S. (2020). We’re all losers in the space arms race. The Interpreter. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/we-re-all-losers-space-arms-race.

de Zwart, M. (2021). To the moon and beyond: The Artemis Accords and the evolution of space law. Commercial and military uses of outer space, 65-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8924-9_6

Defence Intelligence Agency. (2022). Challenges to Security in Space. https://www.dia.mil/Portals/110/Documents/News/Military_Power_Publications/Challenges_Security_Space_2022.pdf

Desmond, S. (2007). Assessing China ASAT program. Austral Special Report. Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability. https://nautilus.org/apsnet/assessing-chinas-asat-program/

Detsch, J. & Gramer, R. (2022). China and Russia are catching up U.S. in space capabilities. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/14/china-russia-us-space-race/

Dolman, E. C. (1999). Geostrategy in the space age: An astropolitical analysis. The Journal of Strategic Studies, 22(2-3), 83-106.

https://doi.org/10.1080/01402399908437755

Easton, I. (2009). The Great Game in Space: China's Evolving ASAT Weapons Programs and Their Implications for Future US Strategy. Project 2049 Institute. https://project2049.net/wpcontent/uploads/2018/05/china_asat_weaponsthe_great_game_in_space.pdf

Edwards, M. (2003). The New Great Game and the new great gamers: disciples of Kipling and Mackinder. Central Asian Survey, 22(1), 83-102.

Euroconsult. (2022). Government space budget driven by space exploration and militarization hit a record of $92 billion investment. [Press release]. https://www.euroconsult-ec.com/press-release/government-space-budgets-driven-by-space-exploration-and-militarization-hit-record-92-billion-investment-in-2021-despite-covid-with-1-trillion-forecast-over-the-decade/

Gadd, A. (2021). The US Cooperates with Russia in Space. Why Not China? The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/the-us-cooperates-with-russia-in-space-why-not-china/

Hsiung, C. W. (2021). China’s technology cooperation with Russia: Geopolitics, economics, and regime security. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 14(3), 447-479. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/poab009

Hughes, R. & Lowe, J. (2009). Civil Reserve Space Fleet. The Wright Stuff. http://www.au.af.mil/au/aunews/archive/0307/Articles/CivilReserveSpaceFleet.html

Hulsman, J. (2021). America must get a lot better playing the “New Great Game”. The Hill. https://thehill.com/opinion/national-security/579159-america-must-get-a-lot-better-playing-the-new-great-game/

Hussain, S., & Shahzad, K. (2023). India's quest for ‘global space and influence’ through the ‘outer space’ domain. Journal of Space Safety Engineering, 10(3), 351-365.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468896723000605

Ingram, E. (1980). Great Britain's great game: an introduction. The International History Review, 2(2), 160-171.

Jalil, G. Y. (2023, August 17). Securing the Final Frontier: The Urgent Need of Arms Control in Outer Space. Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad. https://issi.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/IB_Ghazala_Oct_17_2023.pdf

Jasani, B. (1978). Arms Race in Outer Space. Alternatives, 4(1), 59-85. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/030437547800400105

Johnson-Freese, J. (2007). Space as a Strategic Asset. New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/john13654

Juda, E. (2018). The Space Ambitions of China, Russia, and USA 2018. School of International Service. https://ironline.american.edu/blog/space-ambitions-china-russia-usa/

Khanna, P. (2008). The second world: empires and influence in the new global order. Random House.

Lalitha, S. (2021). Space Race Between Us, Russia, and China. International Journal of Management and Social Science Research Review, 8(12), 86-87. http://ijmsrr.com/downloads/0501202212.pdf

Langeland, K., & Grossman, D. (2021). Tailoring Deterrence for China in Space (p.38-39). Rand corporation. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RRA900/RRA943-1/RAND_RRA943-1.pdf

Lenntech, H. (2006). The impact of war on the environment and human health. https://www.lenntech.com/environmental-effects-war.htm

Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. (2022). Aerospace Forces of Russia. https://eng.mil.ru/en/structure/forces/aerospace/mission.htm.

Novo, A. (2021). A Game of Great Powers: The Realities of the Evolving Competition between the United States and China. The Bridge. https://thestrategicbridge.org/bridge/2021/04/06/a-game-of-great-powers/

Our World in Data, (2024). Annual Number of Objects Launched into Space. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/yearly-number-of-objects-launched-into-outer-space

Panjwani, S. (2021). Fifty Years of Outer Space Treaty: Challenges and need for a new treaty. Project Statecraft, https://www.projectstatecraft.org/post/fifty-years-of-the-outer-space-treaty-challenges-and-need-for-a-new-treaty

Roberd, L. (2016). Failure of Outer Space Treaty. Canadian Forces College. https://www.cfc.forces.gc.ca/259/290/301/305/roberds.pdf

Russell, J. (2022). US, China Compete in Space. Voice of America. https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/us-china-compete-in-space-/6750640.html

Sarfaraz, H. (2021). Russia’s New Great Game. T-Magazine. https://www.tribune.com.ok/story/2330338/russias-new-great-game

Scuitto, J. & Rizzo, J. (2016). War in Space: Kamikazes, Kidnapper satellites, and lasers. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2016/11/29/politics/space-war-lasers-satellites-russia-china/index.html

Sheehan, M. (2007). The international politics of space. Routledge.

Singer, J. (2008). Laser Links in Space. Air Force Magazine. https://www.airforcemagazine.come/magazine/articles/2008/january%202008/0108laser.aspx.

Skibba, R. (2014). An Introduction to Space Security. Ramin Skibba. https://raminskibba.net/2014/03/07/an-introduction-to-space-security/

Skibba, R. (2018). How Trump’s Space Force could set off a dangerous arms race. Politico Magazine. https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/06/22/how-trumps-space-force-could-set-off-a-dangerous-arms-race-218888

Smith, C. (2013). The Great Game and Afghanistan. https://www.loc.gov/ghe/cascade/index.html?appid=a0930b1f4e424987ba68c28880f088ea&bookmark=3rd%20Anglo-Afghan%20War

Stegen, K., & Kusznir, J. (2015). Outcomes and strategies in the ‘New Great Game’:China and the Caspian states emerge as winners. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 6 (2), 91-106.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2015.03.00

Stroikos, D. (2022). Power transition, rising China, and the regime for outer space in a US-hegemonic space order. Power Transition in the Anarchical Society: Rising Powers, Institutional Change and the New World Order (p. 329-352). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Tellis, A. J. (2023). China's military space strategy. Survival, 49.3 (p. 41-72). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003420231-2/china-military-space-strategy-ashley-tellis

United Nations. (2023). Debate on Disarmament Aspects of Outer SPACE Exposes First Committee Rift Over ways to sustain Space Security, Prevent Domain’s Weaponization. [Press Release].

https://press.un.org/en/2023/gadis3723.doc.html

United States Space Force. (2022). USSF Mission and Space Command. https://www.spaceforce.mil/About-us/About-space-force/Mission/

United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. (2024). Annual number of objects launched into space. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/space-exploration-satellites

Vidal, F. (2021). Russia’s Space Policy: The Path of Decline. Institut français des relations internationals. https://www.ifri.org/en/publications/etudes-de-lifri/russias-space-policy-path-decline

Walsh, F. M. (2007). Forging a diplomatic shield for American satellites: the case for re-evaluating the 2006 National Space Policy in light of a Chinese anti-satellite system. J. Air L. & Com., 72, 759.

Warraich, F. (2022). FSW Vlog, The Great Game (05), China and Russia’s space war against USA [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/RBaAzJ_oBnk.

Wehtje, B. (2022). Increased Militarisation of Space - A New Realm of Security. Horizon Insights, 5(4), 13-22. https://doi.org/10.31175/hi.2022.04.03

Westbrook, T. (2019). The global positioning system and military jamming. Journal of strategic security, 12(2), 1-16.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/26696257

Downloads

Published

30-06-2024

How to Cite

Asma Rashid, & Nigham Fatima. (2024). The Great Game of Space: Space Political Adventurism and Battle for Superpower Status Beyond the Horizons. NUST Journal of International Peace & Stability, 7(2), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.37540/njips.v7i2.171

Issue

Section

Articles

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Obs.: This plugin requires at least one statistics/report plugin to be enabled. If your statistics plugins provide more than one metric then please also select a main metric on the admin's site settings page and/or on the journal manager's settings pages.