Hybrid Warfare: India’s New Policy Instrument
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37540/njips.v6i2.149Keywords:
Hybrid warfare, India, Pakistan, Policy, Strategy, SecurityAbstract
Hybrid warfare has gained significant attention since Russia annexed Crimea in 2014. Despite numerous definitions, a clear understanding of this phenomenon remains elusive. This study aims to define hybrid warfare by synthesizing expert opinions and organizational viewpoints. It also examines how hybrid warfare has been executed using an analytical framework developed by European nations. Recent claims by Pakistan, China, and others about India’s use of hybrid warfare prompt analysis of India's strategic application of this approach for national security objectives. The study concludes with practical recommendations for policymakers to counter Hybrid Warfare challenges effectively. Overall, this study contributes to comprehending, analyzing, and addressing the complexities of Hybrid Warfare in contemporary security contexts.
References
Alexandre, G. M., Alaphilippe, Adamczyk, R., & Grégoire, A. (2020). Indian Chronicles. EU DisInfo Lab. https://www.disinfo.eu/publications/indian-chronicles-deep-dive-into-a-15-year-operation-targeting-the-eu-and-un-to-serve-indian-interests/
Aqdas, T. (2021). India’s Hybrid Warfare against Pakistan. STARFASIA. https://strafasia.com/forum/topic/indias-hybrid-warfare-against-pakistan/?part=1#postid-364
Asthana, N. C. (2020). National Security and Conventional Arms Race ― Spectre of Nuclear War. Aavishkar Publishers.
Asthana, N. C. (2021). National Security and Conventional Arms Race: Spectre of a Nuclear War. Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors.
Baker, B. D. (2015). Hybrid Warfare With Chinese Characteristics. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2015/09/hybrid-warfare-with-chinese-characteristics/
Bierce, A. (1999). Devil's Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
Clausewitz, C. V. (1918). On War. Princeton University Press.
Complex crises call for adaptable and durable capabilities. (2015). The Military Balance, 115(1), 5-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2015.996334
Hickman, K., Weissmann, M., Bachman, S. D., Gunneriusson, H., & Thunholm, P. (2018). Hybrid Threats and Asymmetric Warfare: What to do? Swedish Defence University. https://www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:1186265/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Hoffman, F. (2007). Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid Wars. Potomac Institute for Policy Studies.
Aljazeera. (2019). Kashmir special status explained: What are Articles 370 and 35A? https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/8/5/kashmir-special-status-explained-what-are-articles-370-and-35a
Kjennerud, E. R., & Cullen, P. (2017). Understanding Hybrid Warfare.
Korybko, A. (2015). Hybrid Wars: The Indirect Adaptive Approach to Regime Change. Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia.
Landler, M., & Gordon, M. R. (2014, July 8). NATO Chief Warns of Duplicity by Putin on Ukraine. The New York Times.
McCuen, J. J. (2008). Hybrid Wars. Military Review.
Monaghan, S., Cullen, P., & Wegge, N. (2019). MCDC Countering Hybrid Warfare Project: Countering Hybrid Warfare. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/784299/concepts_mcdc_countering_hybrid_warfare.pdf
Mott IV, W. H., & Kim, J. C. (2006). The Idea of Shih. In The Philosophy of Chinese Military Culture: Shih vs. Li (pp. 15-44). New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.
Qureshi, W. (2020). The Rise of Hybrid Warfare. Notre Dame Journal of International & Comparative Law, 10, 173. https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1124&context=ndjicl
Rafale deal: How much does it cost and other questions govt. should answer. Business Standard. (2019). https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/rafale-deal-how-much-does-it-cost-the-taxpayer-and-top-3-questions-118020800225_1.html
Regier, W. G. (2009). The Essence of War: Clausewitz as Educator. Chronicle Review. https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-essence-of-war-clausewitz-as-educator/
Tzu, S. (500). Art of War. Attack by Stratagem.
Uziębło, J. J. (2017). United in Ambiguity? EU and NATO Approaches to Hybrid Warfare and Hybrid Threats. EU Diplomacy Paper. https://doi.org/chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.coleurope.eu/sites/default/files/research-paper/edp-5-2017_uzieblo.pdf?download=1
Wezeman, P. D., Kuimova, A., & Wezeman, S. T. (2021). Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2020. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/fs_2103_at_2020.pdf
Wither, J. K. (2016). Making Sense of Hybrid Warfare. Connections: The Quarterly Journal, 15(2), 73-87. https://connections-qj.org/article/making-sense-hybrid-warfare