Ethnic Conflict and UN Peacekeeping Operations in Cote d’Ivoire
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37540/njips.v6i1.144Keywords:
Côte d'Ivoire, United Nations, Peacekeeping, UNOCI, Responsibility to Protect (R2P)Abstract
The article critically examines the effectiveness of the UN (peacekeeping) Operation Mission in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI). In doing so, it elucidates the challenges associated with employing Chapter VI and Chapter VII (i.e., non-military coercion [Article 41] and forcible military action [Article 42]) to resolve the ethnic conflict amongst the disputed parties. In particular, it considers the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) as ‘forcible military action’ and argues that the implication of the framework has resulted in effective peace enforcement (i.e., UNOCI completed its mandate in June 2017). The article also illuminates several underlying factors that led to the eruption of violent conflict in Côte d'Ivoire. The analysis has been presented through the hourglass model and conflict triangle to realize the engagement of R2P encompassing relevant stakeholders for sustained peace in a conflict-ridden country.
References
Adebayo, A. G. (2012). Managing Conflicts in Africa’s Democratic Transitions. Lexington Books.
Ahouangan, A. L. (2019, February 25). Conflict Resolution and the UN Peacekeeping Operation in Côte d’Ivoire. E-International Relations. https://www.e-ir.info/2019/02/25/conflict-resolution-and-the-un-peacekeeping-operation-in-cote-divoire/
Amoro, G., & Shen, Y. (2013). The determinants of agricultural export: Cocoa and rubber in Cote d’Ivoire. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 5(1), 228-233.
Bellamy, A. J. (2016). The Question of Intervention: John Stuart Mill & the Responsibility to Protect. Cambridge Review of International Affairs. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2015.1118853
Bovcon, M. (2009). France's Conflict Resolution Strategy in Côte d'Ivoire and its Ethical Implications. African Studies Quarterly, 11(1).
Boutellis, A. (2011). The Security Sector in Côte d'Ivoire: A Source of Conflict and a Key to Peace. New York: International Peace Institute. https://ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/ipi_epub_cote_d_ivoire.pdf
Banégas, R. (2011). Post-election crisis in Côte d'Ivoire: The Gbonhi war. African Affairs, 110(440), 457-468.
Bah, T. M. (2012). Addressing Cote d'Ivoire's Deeper Crisis (Africa Security Brief, Number 19, March 2012). National Defense University, Washington DC. Africa Center for Strategic Studies.
Chauveau, J.P. (2000). The Land Tenure Question in Côte D’Ivoire: A Lesson in History. International Institute for Environment and Development, Drylands Programme.
Cook, N. (2011, April 20). Côte d’Ivoire Post-Gbagbo: Crisis Recovery (Cote d’Ivoire). UNT Digital Library; Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc40261/
Chauveau, J. P., & Richards, P. (2008). West African insurgencies in agrarian perspective: Côte d’Ivoire and Sierra Leone compared. Journal of Agrarian Change, 8(4), 515-552.
Colin, J. P., Kouamé, G., & Soro, D. (2007). Outside the autochthon-migrant configuration: access to land, land conflicts and inter-ethnic relationships in a former pioneer area of lower Côte d'Ivoire. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 45(1), 33-59.
Doucet, M. G. (2017). Reforming 21st Century Peacekeeping Operations: Governmentalities of Security, Protection, and Police. Routledge.
Dunford, R., & Neu, M. (2019). Just War and the Responsibility to Protect: A Critique. Zed Books.
Doudou Sidibe, D. (2013, January 1). Peace Processes in Côte D’Ivoire: Democracy and Challenges of Consolidating Peace After the Post-Electoral Crisis. Africa Portal; African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD).
Doyle, M. W., & Sambanis, N. (2006). Making War and Building Peace: United Nations Peace Operations. Princeton University Press.
Eberhardt, M., & Teal, F. (2010). Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire: changing places. International Development Policy | Revue internationale de politique de développement, (1), 33-49.
Ford,T. & Langholtz, H. (2012). Commanding United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. Willamsburg VA, Peace Operations Training Institute.
Gberie, L., & Addo, P. (2004). Challenges of peace implementation in Côte d’Ivoire: Report on an expert workshop by KAIPTC and ZIF. Institute for Security Studies Monographs, 2004(105), 89. https://doi.org/10.10520/EJC48650
Galtung, J., & Fischer, D. (2013). Johan Galtung: Pioneer of Peace Research. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32481-9
Hehir, A. (2018). Hollow Norms and the Responsibility to Protect. Springer International Publishing.
Kassim, Y. R. (2014). The Geopolitics of Intervention: Asia and the Responsibility to Protect. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4585-48-4
Kimenyi, M. & Mbaku,J.(2011, April 8). What Next for Cote d’Ivoire? Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/what-next-for-ivory-coast/
Kirwin, M. (2006). The security dilemma and conflict in Côte d’Ivoire. Nordic Journal of African Studies, 15(1).
Langer, A. (2004). Horizontal Inequalities and Violent Conflict: The case of Côte d'Ivoire. Centre for Research on Inequality.
Langer, A. (2008). When do horizontal inequalities lead to conflict? Lessons from a comparative study of Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. Horizontal inequalities and conflict: Understanding group violence in multiethnic societies, 163-189.
Mehmeti, L. & Nagel, R. (n.d.). Achieving success? The role of the United Nations in Post-Conflict Management. Australasian Political Studies Association.
Matthew Kirwin, "The Security Dilemma and Conflict in Cote d’Ivoire." Nordic Journal of African Studies 15, no. 1 (2006): 42-52.
Mike McGovern, Making War in Côte d'Ivoire (London: Hurst & Company, 2011).
Milos, Rastovic. "A New Generation Draws the Line: Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility to Protect Today. MGIMO Review of International Relations 5 (56). 2017. https://10.24833/2071-8160-2017-5-56-233-236
MINUCI. (n.d.). United Nations Mission in Côte d’Ivoire—Background. https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/minuci/background.html
Nordås, R. (2014). Religious demography and conflict: Lessons from Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana. International Area Studies Review, 17(2), 146-166.
Obi, C.(2007). Perspectives on Côte d'Ivoire: between Political Breakdown and Post-Conflict Peace. Nordiska Afrika Institute.
Orford, A. (2011). International authority and the responsibility to protect. Cambridge University Press.
Pattison, J. (2010). Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility To Protect: Who Should Intervene? Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561049.001.0001
Ramsbotham,O., Woodhouse, T., & Miall,H., Contemporary Conflict Resolution (Fourth Edition). Cambridge, Polity Press
Soro, K. (2021). Under What Conditions do Ethnic Conflicts Occur? The Case of Cote d’Ivoire. Political Science Theses. https://doi.org/10.57709/23249710
Sommaruga, C. (2004). The global challenge of human security. Foresight, 6(4), 208–211. https://doi.org/10.1108/14636680410554674
Straus, S. (2011). ‘It's sheer horror here’: Patterns of violence during the first four months of Côte d'Ivoire's post-electoral crisis. African Affairs, 110(440), 481-489.
Tompihe, J. G. (2007). Ethnicity and institution-building in Africa. University of California, Los Angeles.
U.N. Charter art. 2, para. 1.
U.N. Charter art. 39, para. 1.
U.N. Charter art. 43, para. 1.
UNOCI.(n.d.). Post-Election Crisis.” United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/unoci/elections.shtml
UNSC. (2004). Resolution 1528 (2004). https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1528%20(2004)
UNSC. (2018). Special Report of the Secretary General on Role of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_2018_958.pdf
UNOCI. (2004). UNOCI Mandate, United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire. https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unoci/mandate.shtml
UNSC. (2007). Security Council resolution 1739 (2007) [Côte d'Ivoire]. http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/1739
Zartman, I. W. (2008, December 20). “Ripeness”: The importance of timing in negotiation and conflict resolution. E-International Relations. https://www.e-ir.info/2008/12/20/ripeness-the-importance-of-timing-in-negotiation-and-conflict-resolution/
Zounmenou, D. D., & Lamin, A. R. (2011). Côte d'Ivoire's post-electoral crisis: Ouattara rules but can he govern?. Journal of African Elections, 10(2), 6-21.
1.png)
