The Kashmir Crisis and the Futility of U.N. Peacekeeping
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37540/njips.v5i1.123Keywords:
U.N. Peacekeeping, Kashmir Valley, UNMOGIP, UNSC, Protection of CiviliansAbstract
The United Nations came into being on the premise of a world body tasked with ensuring sustainable peace through multilateralism. This is the primary mandate of the UN which gained new dimensions as nation-states became more complex and intertwined through globalization. An argument for the successes of U.N. peacekeeping can be made on the grounds of several interventions where U.N. sponsored policing helped create and maintain peace. However, contrary to that, very valid and extensive literature backed by historical events is present that highlights the shortcoming of said interventions. Reasons for these failed attempts at peacemaking can be attributed to a wide range of framework fault lines, geopolitical complexities, vested interests, and the overall difficulty of the task. Moreover, there are examples of these protracted, fruitless missions that haunt the UN halls to this day and have contributed to the critique leveled against the world body. One such example is the Kashmir dispute between two nuclear-armed neighbors, and the utter failure of the UN mission in the region to attain a cessation to violence.
References
Howard, L. M., & Dayal, A. K. (2018). The use of force in UN peacekeeping. International Organization, 72(1), 71-103. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818317000431
Ilyas, S. (2021, May). Historical Background and Evolution Of The Kashmir Dispute [Scholarly Project]. In Kashmir Conflict Resolution.
Lowe, N. (2013). Mastering Modern World History. Palgrave Master Series.
Lundgren, M., Oksamytna, K., & Bove, V. (2021). Politics or performance? Leadership accountability in UN peacekeeping. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 66(1), 32-60. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00220027211028989
Mahesar, G. A., Mahesar, S. A., Gaho, G. M., & Aslam, M. F. (2015). Analysis of Historical and Cultural Importance of Kashmir. The Government-Annual Research Journal of Political Science., 3(03).
Malone, D. M., & Thakur, R. (2001). UN peacekeeping: lessons learned. Global governance, 7, 11.
Qadri, N. (2019). Kashmir Back at UN Security Council Table. Available at SSRN 3438912. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3438912
Rai, M. (2018). Kashmir: From Princely State to Insurgency. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History.
Shendruk, A., & Rosenthal, Z. (2021, August 4). Funding the United Nations: What Impact Do U.S. Contributions Have on UN Agencies and Programs? Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/article/funding-united-nations-what-impact-do-us-contributions-have-un-agencies-and-programs
Sloan, J. (2014). The evolution of the use of force in UN peacekeeping. Journal of Strategic Studies, 37(5), 674-702. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2014.921853
Sundararaman, S. (2000). East Timor and Kashmir: Questioning the Parallels on the issue of referendum. Strategic Analysis, 24(2), 283-300. https://doi.org/10.1080/09700160008455213
United Nations. (2021, June 29). Fifth Committee Approves $6.37 Billion Budget for 12 Peacekeeping Missions from July 2021 to June 2022, Concluding Resumed Session. https://www.un.org/press/en/2021/gaab4368.doc.htm
United Nations Peacekeeping. (n.d.). Where we operate. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/where-we-operate
van der Lijn, J., de Rave, R., Smit, T., & Siebenga, R. (2017). Progress on UN peacekeeping reform: HIPPO and beyond. Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael'.
Kainat, K. (2021). The Involvement of UN in Palestine and the Possibility of a Global Protection Force. NUST Journal of International Peace & Stability, 4(2), 105-112. https://doi.org/10.37540/njips.v4i2.104
1.png)
